United Scale & Engineering Corporation

Conversion Tables

The development of weights and measures dates back to prehistoric times by various primitive peoples. In the centuries which followed, countless standards of mass measurements were adapted, many of which are in use today. United Scale has compiled the following mass, length and capacity as well as conversion factors which we believe will assist you in your work and study. It is our sincere hope that this conversion table will prove useful to you and will be bookmarked for ready reference.

Conversion Ratios
Multiply	By	To Obtain
Dia. Circle	3.1416	Circumference of a circle
Dia. Circle	0.8862	Side of equal square
Dia. Circle Squared	0.7854	Area of circle
Circular mils	0.7854	Square mils
Dia. sphere squared	3.1416	Area of sphere
Dia. sphere cubed	0.5236	Volume of sphere
U.S. Gallons	0.8327	Imperial gallons (British)
U.S. Gallons	0.1337	Cubic Feet
U.S. Gallons	8.330	Pounds of water (20° C)
Cubic Feet	62.427	Pounds of water (4° C)
Feet of Water (4° C)	0.4335	Pounds per sq. inch
In. of Mercury (0° C)	0.4912	Pounds per sq. inch
Seconds squared	16.08	Feet fallen from rest
Knots	1.1516	Miles per hour

Dry Measure
2 pints (pt) =	1 quart (qt)
8 quarts =	1 peck (pk)	= 16 pints
4 pecks =	1 bushel (bu)	= 32 quarts

PLEASE NOTE: The "grain" is the same in avoirdupois, troy and apothecaries weight.
Avoirdupois Weight
27 11/32 grains =	1 dram (dr)
16 drams =	1 ounce (oz)	= 437 1/2 grains
16 ounces =	1pound (lb)	= 256 drams	= 7000 grains
100 pounds =	hundredweight (cwt)
20 hundredweight =	1 ton (tn)	= 2000 pounds

Troy Weight
24 grains =	1 pennyweight (dwtr)
20 pennyweights =	1 ounce troy (oz t)	= 480 grains
12 ounces, troy =	1 pound troy (lb t)	= 240 pennyweights	= 7000 grains

Apothecaries Weight
20 grains =	1 scruple (s ap)
3 scruples =	1 dram apothecaries (dr ap)	= 60 grains
8 dram apothecaries =	1 ounce apothecaries (oz ap)	= 24 scruples	= 480 grains
12 ounces apothecaries =	1 pound ounce apothecaries (lb ap)	= 96 drams ounce apothecaries
	= 288 scruples	= 5760 grains

Metric Weights
10 milligrams (mg) =	1 centigram (cg)
10 centigrams =	1 decigram (dg)	= 100 milligrams
10 decigrams =	1 gram (g)	= 1000 milligrams
10 grams =	1 decagram (dgm)
10 decagrams =	1 hectogram (hg)	= 100 grams
10 hectograms =	1 kilogram (kg)	= 1000 grains
1000 kilograms =	1 metric ton (t)

Temperature Conversion Factors
Deg C =	5/9 (Deg F - 32)
Deg F =	9/5 (Deg C) + 32
Degrees absolute (Kelvin) =	Degrees centigrade + 273.16
Degrees absolute (Rankine) =	Degrees Fahrenheit + 459.69

	Grams	Pounds	Ounces
1 gram	= 1.0 g	0.002205 lb	0.03527 oz
1 ounce	28.3462 g	= 0.0625 lb	= 1 oz
1 pound	453.5924 g	= 1 lb	= 16 oz
1 pennyweight	1.55517 g	0.003428 lb	0.054857 oz
1 troy ounce	31.10348 g	0.068571 lb	1.97143 oz
1 grain	0.064799 g	0.000143 lb	0.002286 oz
1 carat	= 0.2 g	0.000441 lb	0.007054 oz